Retaining its distinctive, problem-centred approach, this fourth edition of a successful and now standard text emphasizes the application of theory to real problems which confront Third World policy makers. There are new sections on such issues the economic crisis in sub-Saharan Africa; the implications of privatization; the debate between free traders and protectionists; and the impact of the debt crisis. Additional theoretical diagrams have been included and all the statistics, tables and further reading lists have been revised.