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How to Be a Dictator: The Cult of Personality in the Twentieth Century

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From the Samuel Johnson prize-winning author of Mao's Great Famine, a timely and compelling exploration of the cult of personality that surrounded eight twentieth century dictators

Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin, Mao Zedong, Kim Il-sung, Ceausescu, Mengistu of Ethiopia and Duvalier of Haiti.

No dictator can rule through fear and violence alone. Naked power can be grabbed and held temporarily, but it never suffices in the long term. A tyrant who can compel his own people to acclaim him will last longer. The paradox of the modern dictator is that he must create the illusion of popular support. Throughout the twentieth century, hundreds of millions of people were condemned to enthusiasm, obliged to hail their leaders even as they were herded down the road to serfdom.

In How to Be a Dictator, Frank Dikötter returns to eight of the most chillingly effective personality cults of the twentieth century. From carefully choreographed parades to the deliberate cultivation of a shroud of mystery through iron censorship, these dictators ceaselessly worked on their own image and encouraged the population at large to glorify them. At a time when democracy is in retreat, are we seeing a revival of the same techniques among some of today’s world leaders?

This timely study, told with great narrative verve, examines how a cult takes hold, grows, and sustains itself. It places the cult of personality where it belongs, at the very heart of tyranny.

304 pages, Hardcover

First published September 1, 2019

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About the author

Frank Dikötter

20 books511 followers
Frank Dikötter (Chinese: 馮客; pinyin: Féng Kè) is the Chair Professor of Humanities at the University of Hong Kong and Professor of the Modern History of China on leave from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.

Born in the Netherlands in 1961, he was educated in Switzerland and graduated from the University of Geneva with a Double Major in History and Russian. After two years in the People's Republic of China, he moved to London where he obtained his PhD in History from the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in 1990. He stayed at SOAS as British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow and as Wellcome Research Fellow before being promoted to a personal chair as Professor of the Modern History of China in 2002. His research and writing has been funded by over 1.5 US$ million in grants from various foundations, including, in Britain, the Wellcome Trust, the Arts and Humanities Research Council, The Economic and Social Research Council and, in Hong Kong, the Research Grants Council and the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation.

He has published a dozen books that have changed the ways historians view modern China, from the classic The Discourse of Race in Modern China (1992) to China After Mao: The Rise of a Superpower (2022). His 2010 book Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe was selected as one of the Books of the Year in 2010 by The Economist, The Independent, The Sunday Times, the London Evening Standard (selected twice), The Telegraph, the New Statesman and the BBC History Magazine, and is on the longlist for the 2011 Samuel Johnson Prize for non-fiction.

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Profile Image for Matt.
4,664 reviews13.1k followers
November 7, 2019
As a life-long student of political science and lover of history, I have always been fascinated about the world of authoritarian regimes, particularly those whose leaders roses from the ashes of a community in tatters. Frank Dikötter explores the position of dictators in his latest book, seeking to examine how the eight men he chose were able to obtain power and hold onto it while ruling their respective countries with an iron fist. While power was surely held by fear and brutal force, Dikötter posits that there was also a cult of personality that wooed the population to feel a connection to these men and all but paved their way to power. Mussolini and Hitler served to instil a sense of leadership through their communication with the masses during the inter-war years, vilifying the choices their respective governments made in the past and creating scapegoats of population groups. Joseph Stalin rode the coattails of his predecessor and tried to enamour the people as being a continuation of the great system, before turning out all those who spoke against them and secured power. These inter-war leaders worked a system and sought to build a connection when times were tough, while other dictators sought to rebel against the system and break free of the shackles that tied them down. Dikötter explores the emergence of Mao in China and Kim ill-sung of North Korea, both of whom were freedom fighters and who rallied the people with their heroic tendencies to toss off the yoke of oppression before brutally turning their country away from what it had known and, to a degree, isolating their people from the outside world. This cultish personality is shown to have worked, as the people of China and North Korea deified their leaders as they were starved or oppressed. In these cases, both leaders passed along the reins to others and the system continues to this day, in varying degrees. Dikötter creates a final group of men whose connection to the people came from denouncing long-held political rules that were in place and using their desire to change to connect with the masses. The reader will see some parallels to the aforementioned dictators, but with an added militaristic brutality that the world could see, but about which they did nothing. Much more could be said about these, and many other, dictators, but Dikötter seems to have whetted the appetite of the curious reader. Recommended to those who love learning about more gaffes in which the world stood idly by, as well as the reader whose love of political history is strong.

While Frank Dikötter may have a long list of published works, this is the first of his tomes that I have had the pleasure to read. I must say that I am highly impressed with the content and the quality of the work. While I was expecting a highly sociological analysis of these men and a detailed political history of the countries they ruled, Dikötter offered up eight wonderful mini biographies. These biographical pieces highlight that cult of personality in the early stages, showing how a population could have latched on and how each of the men used this ‘connection’ to the people to then turn things to their advantage. As Dikötter mentions in the preface, there are many others who could have been included, as it seems the essential ingredient to a successful dictatorial state, as well as a peppering of fear. Each of the biographical pieces seems to tell the rise and fall (or death) of the man and his power, while also loosely linking themselves to the next leader in some way. Dikötter is to be applauded for his concise exploration of each man and his regime, while also providing enough detail to keep the reader wanting to know more. I was stunned at the amount of information presented and have decided to delve deeper into some of the lives of these brutal dictators. Some of the antics discussed herein surely were useful in some of the current dictatorships around the world, where brutality and oppression are almost expected to ‘keep the trains running on time’.

Kudos, Mr. Dikötter, for this enlightening and refreshing look at the world of authoritarian leaders. I will certainly be looking into reader more of your work in the coming months.

Love/hate the review? An ever-growing collection of others appears at:
http://pecheyponderings.wordpress.com/

A Book for All Seasons, a different sort of Book Challenge: https://www.goodreads.com/group/show/...
Profile Image for Maziyar Yf.
775 reviews581 followers
March 17, 2022
قرن بیستم قرنی سرشار از دیکتاتورها بوده ، کسانی که با وجود شکوفایی دموکراسی در آمریکای شمالی و بخشهایی از اروپا با شدت و حدتی بسیارسخت به شیوه حکمرانی قرون گذشته چسبیده و فجایعی بی سابقه و وحشتناک به وجود آوردند .
فرانک دیکوتر نویسنده هلندی کتاب آداب دیکتاتورها ، نگاهی کوتاه به بنیان گذاران دیکتاتوری های مدرن و روشهای آنان برای تحکیم قدرت و از آن مهمتر تثبیت آن انداخته ، روشهایی که اگرچه در این زمان ممکن است اندکی قدیمی و شاید ناکارآمد به نظر برسند اما در قرن گذشته و حتی در همین سالیان هم سودمندی خود را ثابت کرده اند .
نویسنده از میان انبوه گزینه ها ، هشت نفر را انتخاب کرده که از میان آنان موسولینی ، هیتلر ، استالین و مائو نقش کلیدی داشته و به مانند استاد و معلم برای دیگران بوده اند ، چهار نفر دیگر کیم ایل سونگ ، چائوشسکو ، دووالیه و منگیستو بیشتر پیرو اصول و قوانین بوده و ابتکار چندانی نداشته اند .
خواننده باید توجه داشته باشد که در لیست نویسنده نشانی از دیکتاتورهایی که غرب و آمریکا حامی آنان بوده اند مانند پینوشه ، تروخیو ، سوهارتو ، پارک چون هی و دیگر دیکتاتورهای مورد حمایت آمریکا به ویژه در آمریکا جنوبی و آفریقا و یا خاورمیانه نبوده و از این نظر کتاب او چندان بی طرفی را رعایت نکرده است .
به هر جهت ، نویسنده آنچه باعث متمایز شدن و به روز شدن روشهای دیکتاتوری مدرن شده را در ایجاد مفهوم کیش شخصیت و سپس توسعه و بسط آن می داند ، به کمک این ابزار جدید راه دیکتاتورهای قرن بیستم از مفهوم قدیمی دیکتاتور که تنها از وحشت استفاده می کردند جدا شد و آنان دریافتند که به کمک کیش شخصیت و سپس وحشت حکومت آنان قدرت و استحکام بیشتری پیدا می کند .
اما معنی کیش شخصیت چیست ؟
کیش شخصیت یا شخصیت پرستی به معنی آفریدن خدایی زمینی از دیکتاتور به همراه ستایش فراوان و پرستش آن است ، لقب مانند دوچه یا پیشوا یا پسر خورشید جای نام او را گرفته و در ادبیات رسمی از او با این القاب یاد می شود ، آشکار است که ایرادی نمی توان از پسر خورشید گرفت ، او بانی تمامیت یک کشور بوده و وجودش نعمتی آسمانی برای مردم است .
نویسنده سپس به بررسی ابعاد کیش شخصیت در دیکتاتورهای نام برده در کتاب پرداخته ، او از موسولینی شروع کرده که کیش شخصیت مدرن را آفرید و به صورت گسترده در ساختار حکومت خود از آن استفاده کرد ، در حقیقت کیش شخصیت دیکتاتورهای کتاب اگر چه در جزییات مختلف بوده اما از همان اصل کلی پرستش دیکتاتور پیروی می کردند .
نویسنده کتاب تلاش زیادی کرده که معنی کیش شخصیت را به خواننده یاد دهد ، موضوع اصلی کتاب او کیش شخصیت است که در مدلهای مختلف تکرار شده ، او اگر چه زندگی نامه مختصری از هر دیکتاتوری را هم بیان کرده اما کتاب او را نباید زندگی نامه دانست ، او با هوشمندی شخصیت پرستی را اصل ، ریشه و اساس دیکتاتوری و استبداد دانسته است .
اما شوربختانه داستان آقای دیکوتر پس از قسمت مائو تکراری شده ، گویا نویسنده به غیر از کیش شخصیت مفهوم دیگری برای بیان ندارد ، به این دلیل کتاب آداب دیکتاتوری تنها به یک جنبه رایج دیکتاتورها پرداخته و در پایان نتوانسته تصویری نسبتا کامل از آنها را به خواننده نشان دهد .
Profile Image for 8stitches 9lives.
2,853 reviews1,720 followers
September 5, 2019
I want to begin by saying I am going to struggle to get across just how much I loved reading this timely, well-researched book as not only is it informative but it is absolutely fascinating too; it's not that often I have trouble putting a non-fiction book down, but I simply couldn't stop reading and thinking about the topics Dikötter broaches. Each of the eight chosen dictators is covered extensively with much of the information deeper than most people would know. Keeping people subservient has been rampant across the world for centuries, and I fear we are doomed to repeat history if we don't wake up soon.

Sometimes these type of books are very wordy, which I myself enjoy, but this narrative style allows it to be accessible and eminently readable to everyone who has an interest in tyranny and oppression. This book addresses both the state the world is now in by looking at the tyrant's backgrounds and formative years as many of those who go on to be dictators come from "bad backgrounds", however, this is no way diminishes what they have done or are doing currently. Moving past their biographies we learn about the tactics and strategies carried out in order to attain power and then stay in power.

It's packed full of really intriguing information and will provide anyone who picks it up with plenty of food for thought. Despite the heavy topic, this is an easy and quick read of just over 300 pages in length. Everything is laid out clearly and the narrative flows beautifully from one page to the next. This is the perfect introduction to some of the twentieth centuries most infamous dictators and shows how they gained a cult-like following and how they maintained that grip over said followers. Highly recommended. Many thanks to Bloomsbury Publishing for an ARC.
Profile Image for Boudewijn.
830 reviews195 followers
September 25, 2021
I hate to say it, but this was a disappointment. This book starts of with some provoking thoughts about the various dictators that we have known in the previous century, but then quickly descends down in some menial biographical descriptions. Somebody who has done his fair share of (historical) reading, the descriptions of Hitler, Mao and Stalin hold no surprises; the descriptions of the lesser known dictators are informative at best and certainly not an academic view on the cult of personality. This was not what I expected, hence the two stars.

Update June 17th 2021:
For a more psychological analysis of the various dictators or authoritarian rules (old and present) I recommend the following book:
Strongmen: Mussolini to the Present
Profile Image for Alialiarya.
210 reviews82 followers
May 17, 2022
دیکتاتور محکوم است به تنهایی. آن هم در وحشتناک‌‌ترین نوعش. او در یک لحظه می‌فهمد تمامی اعتبار و جلالش بر اساس دروغ ساخته شده؛ دروغی که به خود و اطرافیان تحویل داده و دیگران به آن افزوده‌اند. حال او باید همه را حذف کند، هیچ حرفی را نشنود و همه را به چشم دشمن یا چاپلوس بنگرد‌. تنهایی دیکتاتور از عدم اعتماد او به جهان و خودش می‌آید. از نابودی تمامی راه‌های ارتباط. شاید به همین علت است کسانی مانند موسولینی و چائوشسکو همواره در حال کار بودند و درباره‌ی رنگ مجله تا نام گذاری خیابان‌ها نظر می‌دادند، برای این‌که می‌دانستند نباید حتی لحظه‌ای با تنهایی‌شان مواجه شوند


دیکتاتور در اوج می‌میرد. او بلد است از خود خدایی بسازد بدون اشکال. بدون روحیات انسانی. مرگ اما پایان اوست و نشان‌گر حقیقت دروغینش. زمانی که مردم در مقابل مرگ او بی‌تفاوتند... مردم هم مانند او درگیر دروغش شده‌اند و مرگ است که دروغ‌‌ها را عیان می‌کند. جذاب‌ترین بخش کتاب برای من که قرار است کیش شخصیت دیکتاتورها را مرور کند(کتاب معتقد است دیکتاتورها دو ابزار قدرت دارند وحشت و کیش شخصیت که کیش شخصیت هیچ‌گاه در جایگاه حقیقی‌اش بررسی نشده، در قلب استبداد) پایان آن‌هاست. پایان حقیر، ساکت و عیان‌گر آن‌ها



اشعار او به شدت توزیع می‌شد. از همه جالب‌تر انتشار نوزده شعر صدر مائو بود. این مجموعه در واقع ۲۱ شعر داشت اما مائو واقعا مشتاق بود از مجموعه‌ی کلاسیک مشهوری به نام نوزده شعر باستانی تقلید کند.ص۱۵۵

مرد جوانی که مدت‌ها به این فکر کرده بود که هم‌وطنانش به مرگ رهبرشان چه واکنشی خواهند داشت، از خمیازه‌های از سر بی‌تفاوتی به یادماندنی پس از اعلام رادیویی این خبر شگفت‌زده شد. ویکتور کلمپرر خاطرنشان کرد که رایش سوم یک شبه از بین رفت و تقریبا به همان سرعت به فراموشی سپرده شد.ص۱۰۳

Profile Image for Anika.
949 reviews298 followers
February 24, 2020
ETA: Jetzt auch auf Deutsch erhältlich: Diktator werden: Populismus, Personenkult und die Wege zur Macht./ETA

Frank Dikötter throws a very special spotlight on eight cruel dictators who ruled in the 20th century. He presents not only biographical overviews on the lives and terror regimes of Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin, Mao Zedong, "Papa Doc" Duvalier, Kim Il-sung, Ceausescu and Mengistu of Ethiopia: He mainly focuses on the cult surrounding these dictators, making this book a collection of personality-cult-based PR for dictators and wannabes.

Needless to say, the eight men who are this book's topics were terrible, barbaric rulers who terrorized, murdered and massacred many, many human beings. They started wars and sought for their very own twisted version of glory. They trusted only very few people (or none) besides themselves. And, more common ground: They all started a cult around themselves. And their people had to follow to survive.

Dikötter is talking about real personality-cult here, which can barely be compared to what we're looking at these days. He's talking naming places and buildings after the leader; of putting his picture on every book, stamp, record, poster, flag; of his speeches beings required reading from elementary school onwards; of songs beings composed and sung to his eternal glory, of mass gatherings with people crying happy tears whenever he walks by (if you can't cry on demand, you'll barely make it...), of tons, tons, TONS of presents being send to honour him whenever possible and what not.

The cult serves two purposes. First and foremost, it settles the grounds at home - people live in constant fear of not worshipping properly enough. Secondly, it's a great way to boast something to your fellow dictators. And that's another interesting touch of Dikötter's book that makes it more than "just" a collection of eight essays: It shows the inner connections of this club of horror. How Mussolini and Hitler tried to outdo one another in terms of gaudiness, how Stalin set the bar for his fellow communist dictators, how Ceausescu and Mengistu were so impressed by what Kim Il-sung had created that the North Korean system became their role model.

Overall, an interesting and of course super scary read. And surely a hard work to get finished - the "selected" bibliography is most impressive.
Profile Image for Alish.
114 reviews63 followers
April 25, 2023
2.5

کتاب بدی نیست ولی امتیاز خاصی نسبت به بیشتر کتاب‌های با موضوع دیکتاتورها که قبلا نوشته شده نداره
حتی نسبت به اونا موارد کمتری رو بررسی کرده
تاکید خاصی هم روی کیش شخصیت نداره. درسته بهش اشاره میکنه ولی رویکرد مشخصی در این باره نداره و به نظر میاد بحثش بیهوده در کتاب ولوئه
Profile Image for Negar Afsharmanesh.
366 reviews69 followers
November 10, 2022
کتاب خیلی مفیدی بودی بود ولی کامل نه. درباره دیکتاتور ها توضیح های خوبی داده بود و چون مختصر بود میتونستی سریع شباهت هاشون و با تفاوت هاشون و دربیاری ولی خب همون طوری که گفتم کامل هر شخصیت و بررسی نکرده.
Profile Image for Христо Блажев.
2,556 reviews1,732 followers
January 30, 2024
Как се създават диктатори чрез пропаганда: https://knigolandia.info/book-review/...

Надявахме се някак откачените тоталитарни лидери и абсурдните култове към тях да останат в ХХ век, изключая някоя капсулирана държава като Северна Корея, която пряко да напомня какво е било и не бива никога повече да бъде. Но светът свърва пак към обожание на автократи, които охотно създават и поддържат чрез пропагандата ненакърними образи на безгрешни и всеобщо обичани лидери. И е добре още първите признаци за подобни крайности да бъдат разпознавани, защото никой от тези диктатори не се е появил в пълния си блясък на сцената, точно обратното, култовете към тях са съграждани внимателно във времето. В “Как се създават диктатори. Култът към личността през ХХ век” Франк Дикьотер описва чрез кратки биографични очерци как някои от най-изявените диктатори и масови убийци на миналия век са изградили своите фалшиви маски пред народа – в книгата са включени текстове за Мусолини, Хитлер, Сталин, Мао, Ким Ир Сен, хаитянеца Франсоа Дювалие, Чаушеску и етиопеца Менгисту Хайле Мариам. Самите биографични очерци не предлагат нищо ново за живота на който и да е тези диктатори (изключвам двамина от горните, които съм посочил и като националност, твърде малко бях чел за тях), вместо това се фокусират в създаването на техните масови пропагандни образи. Ще се спра на някои от по-куриозните крайности в култовете към тези властници, които по своята същност са трагикомични, без да могат да скрият стотиците милиони човешки жертви, които техните чудовищни и безмилостни управления са причинили.

ИК Жанет 45
https://knigolandia.info/book-review/...
Profile Image for Laurence Westwood.
Author 5 books20 followers
September 26, 2019
I have most of Frank Dikotters other books: his three books on the history of the People's Republic of China, the 'People's Trilogy', are masterpieces. This book is less ambitious, almost simple in construction. In essence, it is composed of potted biographies of eight 20th Century dictators, detailing the circumstances into which they were born, how they came to power, what they did to maintain that power, and finally how they fell from power - more often than not, violently. Though the writing is very accessible, and I did learn stuff - the bibliography is a marvelous resource for further reading - I can't help feel a little cheated. I suppose Frank Dikotter chose a simple approach because he wanted to teach something very simple: that the cult of personality can only be maintained through fear. And he certainly succeeded in that with this book. But I was left wanting more: perhaps a deeper analysis, more focus on the personalities as well as the differences of the dictators described within. But, then again, that might have confused the very simple, but powerful lesson Frank Dikotter is trying to teach us with this book. Highly recommended.
Profile Image for ZohreH.
179 reviews
December 8, 2023
نیاز نیست بگم که این کتابم یه کتاب دیگه در راستای افزایش آگاهی ما در خصوص دیکتاتورهاست
یک کتاب خاطره انگیز دیگه

شناخت دیکتاتورها در سه سوت

دیکتاتورهای فرهیخته

به 8 تا از دیکتاتورهای همین دوروبر اشاره هایی شده
فکر میکنم با خوندن نشونه ها و علایمی که هرکدوم دارن، از حالا به بعد با هر شخصیت فرهیخته ای مواجه بشیم، چنانچه بعضی از این نشونه ها رو داشته باشه، میتونه مورد شک و شبهه و بررسیِ بیشتر قرار بگیره
علاوه بر این خیلی از بخشها برای ما خاطره انگیزه. کتاب رنگ و بوی آشنایی داره

درسته این کتاب خیلی کلی هست. و تعداد مستبدان تاریخ خیلی بیشتر از اینهاست و یا زندگی هر کدوم از اینهام خیلی گستره تر و قابل بررسی تره، اما برای آشنایی کلی و اطلاعات اولیه کتاب خوبیه

کتاب مفیدی بود
استفاده کردم
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Profile Image for امیرمحمد حیدری.
Author 1 book71 followers
October 18, 2021
{بهتر آن است که بیش دوستمان بدارند تا از ما بترسند یا آن‌که بیش بترسند تا دوستمان بدارند؟ پاسخ این است که هردو. اما داشتن این هردو حال با هم دشوار است، پس می‌باید یکی از آن دو را برگزید، و همان بِه که بیش بترسند تا دوست بدارند...}
کتاب با این نقل قول از (ماکیاولی) در کتاب (شهریار) آغاز می‌شود و راه ما را برای شناخت دیکتاتورها و دیکتاتوری هموار می‌سازد. آداب در لغت به‌معنی فرهنگ، دانش و رسم و رسوم است؛ بنابراین چیزی که روبه‌روی ماست، زندگی‌نامه‌ای مختصر و جامع که دربرگیرنده‌ی تمام مسائل مهم می‌باشد، راه رسیدن دیکتاتورها به مقام و منصب‌شان، روابط بین دیکتاتورها، اخلاق و منش‌شان، نوع رویکرد ذهنی‌شان، کنش‌هاشان و واکنش‌های مردم به هریک از این رهبران است. شرح علت اینکه چرا هرکدام از این دیکتاتورها خودشان را محق می‌دانستند و مورد نقد و بررسی قرار دادن آن (در بستر اجتماع، سیاست و فلسفه) که یکی از خصایص ناب این اثر است. سرفصل‌های غنی این کتاب که از آبشخورِ لایتناهیِ منابع مختلف و مفید سرچشمه می‌گیرند، متشکل‌اند از: موسولینی، هیتلر، استالین، مائو ،کیم ایل‌سونگ، دووالیه، چائوشسکو و منگیستو.
با اینکه این اثر از منابع بی‌شماری کمک گرفته است، اما خود نیز می‌تواند مستقلاً به‌عنوان یک مرجع سیاسی-اجتماعی مورد استفاده قرار بگیرد.
Profile Image for Susan.
2,976 reviews573 followers
August 12, 2019
This is an interesting look at eight dictator’s from the twentieth century. Author Frank Dikötter admits that he could have chosen other names and it is more than a little worrying, when you think about how many contenders there could be. The dictators covered in this book are: Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin, Mao Sedong, Kim Il-sung, Duvalier, Ceausescu and Mengistu.

I have read biographies of Hitler and books about Mussolini and Stalin, but knew less about the others mentioned in this volume. In a sense this book consists of potted biographies of each dictator and the author tries to link their stories in interesting ways. For example, Mao follows Stalin and we learn of how he attracted Stalin’s attention, but was side-lined, and ignored, when he finally visited Russia.

As you would expect from reading of dictator’s, these lives were extreme and – a lesson to be learned – such attempts at domination rarely end well. Even if not killed, these are stories of paranoia and obsession. Amongst the disturbing stories, we read of Mengistu burying Haile Sesassie beneath his office, so his desk was directly above the man he replaced. The more you read, the more you sense that power certainly comes with a price – both for the people and for the dictator themselves.

This is an interesting account of some extreme lives. I found reading about those men I knew less about the most fascinating, but overall, this is a good introduction, which will make you want to read on, in more depth, about those covered in this volume. I received a copy of this book from the publisher, via NetGalley, for review.

Profile Image for Tom Shannon.
174 reviews5 followers
May 1, 2020
The book didn’t work. I read it and I’m still not a dictator.

I thought the book skimmed over a lot of details that left me with more questions than answers. Some passages could have been substituted for Wikipedia pages.

Overall I was able to learn some of the common threads that dictators share and learn about some more obscure leaders like Mengistu, Duvalier and Kim il-Sung.
Profile Image for Sarah.
Author 31 books501 followers
May 5, 2020
Dictators fascinate me. Seriously. I read so much about them, it’s probably shocking to some people. There’s a reason for this, though. I think it’s interesting how such repulsive people can gain, and often retain, so much power. How do they do it? Why do they do it? What makes people think, “sure, this is fine, let’s go with them”?

I heard about this book on a podcast. I’ve really liked the author’s stuff on Mao, the Cultural Revolution, the Great Famine, and more. He has a great way for distilling complex topics, and I enjoy how he can cross the cultural divide and make some things that might seem strange to western understandings, easier to grasp. So when I heard that he’d written a book on the personality cults of dictators, I was there with bells on.

As it happens, I got this book about two days before the libraries closed to COVID-19, so it’s still sitting in my living room, shiny and nearly new.

This book covers a handful of 20th century dictators. The first covered is Mussolini, then Hitler, Stalin, Mao, Kim Il-Sung, Ceausescu of Romania, Mengistu of Ethiopia, and Duvalier of Haiti. Now, the book is only 300 pages long, maybe a few more pages than that, but not many, so that really doesn’t leave a whole lot of wiggle-room for exploration and I think that’s where my biggest problem rested.

As I’ve said before, when I read history, I don’t typically enjoy overviews, and that’s really all we are left with here. A few sweeping overviews with all the nuances and nuggets I enjoy left out. And that’s fine. If someone is not very well versed in these individuals, likely an overview is exactly what you’re looking for. It’s a great jumping-off point for further research, and the important points are all detailed here and laid out nicely. However, for someone like me who has been voraciously studying dictators and routinely reads 1000+ page books on these people and topics that apply to their times in power, this book was really nothing new, and nothing incredibly informative or illuminating.

I think the biggest problem rests with me. I went into this book wanting one specific thing, and I didn’t get it. It’s a good overview of the bullet points of these people, but there’s really nothing about the how or whys of personality cults, and that’s what I think I wanted. I wanted some deep dive exploration into WHY people follow these guys, and HOW these repulsive figures managed to get people to say, “Sure, let’s set up concentration camps. I think this is a great idea. Please pass the potatoes.” I wanted to know how this sort of thing becomes normal, and why people are so willing to buy into these really terrible, horrible, tragic ideas.

Stalin, for example, killed MILLIONS of people in his various purges. Millions. MILLIONS. And still there were Russians who were all, “This is great. All of my neighbors were executed. Long live Stalin.” Yeah, a whole lot of people followed him because they were killed if they didn’t, but many people really, genuinely believed in the dude. Talk about a cult of personality. He wasn’t even Russian. Not really, and his early days were spent very engaged in Georgian politics, not Russian politics. But still… And WHY? That’s what I wanted to know. Why, with all this death and tragedy all around him, did a whole bunch of people still march under his particular banner.

Not only that, but there are people in Russia today who think, “If we had Stalin back for five minutes, he’d sort this shit out.” He oversaw mass executions. He starved an entire nation, wherein up to ten million people died. He really exercised the Gulag system to its limits. This isn’t a secret. And still, people are still existing in the world today who are all, “Let’s get another Stalin in this place. He is exactly what we need.” THAT is what I want to dig into. That small bit of humanity who sees all those facts, and are still behind this guy, and people like him.

So yeah, I wanted to know WHY. I wanted to know what these people do to get people to buy into what they are selling, and why humans as a species are so willing to do so—to excuse horror, in favor of the person who is at the helm of such horrific policies. However, what I ended up getting was a brief rundown of the highlights of every individual, with some new nuggets thrown in here or there to keep me going, but it wasn’t what I wanted. It wasn’t a book on how to be dictator, rather it was a footnotes course on these specific dictators. Interesting? Yes. Well written? Yes.

Perhaps better suited to a person just being introduced to these people, and the historical periods they represent, though, and not someone who is interested in delving deeper into the psychology of these movements.

http://www.bookwormblues.net/2020/05/...
Profile Image for Negarin.
51 reviews16 followers
October 27, 2022
-برای حفظ قدرتی که با خشونت به دست آمده باید خشونت ورزید. اگر چه خشونت ممکن است ابزاری کم اثر باشد.
_در بعضی کشورها رگه‌های مذهبی چنان قوی بود که احتمال داشت فرد باور به کیش شخصیت را نوع ویژه ای از پرستش سکولار تلقی کند.
_ هر چه مردم بیشتر سرخورده می‌شدند بیشتر لز هیتلر شخصی می‌ساختند که اطرافیانش عمدتا او را از وضعیت بی اطلاع نگه می‌دارند. او فقط خیر مردمش را می‌خواست. 《فقط اگر هیتلر می‌دانست》 ورد زبان ها شد.
_هر چه مصیبت بیشتر، صدای پروپاگاندا بلندتر.
_در سال های دشوار مراسم سالگرد را با رنگ و لعاب بیشتری برگزار می‌کردند که همیشه نشانه‌ای از درماندگی رژیم است.
_مردم عادی هر چند از رژیم متنفر بودند اما احتمال شورش آن‌ها کم بود. از جمعیت ۲۲ میلیون نفری رومانی، حزب ۴‌میلیون نفر را عضو خود کرده بود، یعنی حدود یک ششم جمعیت به نوعی از رژیم بهره می‌بردند و سرنوشتشان‌ به سر نوشت چائوشسکو بند بود. آنان به او خوش خدمتی می‌کردند و در مقابل هدایای سخاوتمندانه‌ای نصیبشان می‌شد که آن‌ها را از سایر مردم‌حدت می‌کرد.

■خوندن کتاب توی حال و هوای تاریکِ این روزها، حس خاصی داشت. پر بود از قصه‌های آشنا و ملموسی که از همون کودکی نمونه‌ی زنده‌شون رو کم ندیدم.
از اونجایی که مطالعات و دانشم در حوزه تاریخ اندک و محدوده، هر چی بیشتر مطالعه می‌کنم؛ از تکرار وقایع تاریخی توی دوره های زمانی و جغرافیای مختلف بیشتر شگفت زده می‌شم.
خوندنِ آداب دیکتاتوری برام لذت‌بخش بود. درست یا غلط، نور امید توی دلم‌ روشن می‌شد وقتی می‌دیدم که هر حکومت توتالیتر و هر شخص دیکتاتور، با هر میزان شکوه و جلال، روزی سر نگون می‌شه و ظلم‌ پایدار نیست.
با همه این‌ها، راستش انتظار نداشتم تمرکز کتاب بر مسئله کیش شخصیت تا این حد زیاد باشه. دلم‌ می‌خواست کتاب مفصل‌تر در رابطه با جوانب مختلف شخصیت این افراد صحبت بکنه.
به امید آزادیِ میهن.
[شروع کتاب: بیستم مهرماه هزار و چهارصد و یک
پایان کتاب: چهارم آبان ]
Profile Image for Andrew.
680 reviews240 followers
August 3, 2021
How to Be a Dictator: The Cult of Personality in the Twentieth Century, by Frank Dikötter, looks at eight dictators from eight different countries, telling the story of how these dictators built their cults of personality in the 20th century. The countries in question are, in order: Italy (Mussolini), Germany (Hitler), USSR (Stalin), China (Mao), North Korea (Kim Il-Sung), Haiti (Duvalier), Romania (Ceaușescu), and Ethiopia (Mengistu). Each account is more of a chronicle of events than a comparative look at the dictators and their policies. Each one employed some similar tactics in some ways; dividing their competition, employing alternative means of state control outside the bureaucracy, curbing or supporting the army, and using modern technologies (print, radio, press, television) to build their appeal amongst the masses. As with many dictatorships, public support was forced, so there was little genuine expression of support or dissent, at least as far as we know from a birds-eye view.

Suffice to say, this book was interesting. I found it a tad shallow on details, but there were some unique perspectives here. I particularly enjoyed the chapter on Duvalier, which I had not read much about previously. This book certainly looks at the cult of personality champions; Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini, and not least Mao. But the lesser-studied subjects, from North Korea's Kim il-Sung, whose ilk still rein supreme today, to Mengistu and Ceaușescu, who are more modern dictators, to Duvalier in Haiti, which is a country heavily suppressed by its neighbours. This was an entertaining book through and through, and I would recommend it as an easy read for those who like to study politics. It is not an in-depth look by any stretch, but it certainly is interesting.
Profile Image for Hamide meraj.
208 reviews148 followers
July 13, 2021
برای بسیاری ستایش دوچه روشی بود برای انتقاد از بدرفتاری های فاشیست های محلی. فقط اگر دوچه میدانست ورد زبان ها بود. هرچه احساس سرخوردگی و خشم مردم نسبت به حزب فاشیست بیشتر میشد بیشتر موسیلینی را رهبری بی تقصیر تصویر میکردند که او را به عمد از وقایع و اطلاعات بی خبر نگه داشته بودند یا زیر دستانش مشورت اشتباهی به او می دادند.
کیش شخصیت بیش از هر چیز دیگری می توانست از نظام در برابر سرخوردگی محافظت کند. . مردم حزب را سرزنش میکردند نه رهبرشان را هرچه مردم بیشتر سرخورده می شدند بیشتر از هیتلر شخصیتی می ساختند که اطرافیانش او را از عمد از وضعیت بی اطلاع نگه می دارند. او فقط خیر مردمش را میخواست.
یکی از منتقدان گمنام رژیم نوشت تولد 50 سالگی هیتلر را با چنان ولخرجی جشن گرفتند که ناظر بیرونی ممکن است باور کند محبوبیت او رو به اوج است. اما کسانی که مردم عادی را واقعا می شناسند میفهمند که اکثرا و نه البته همه فقط تظاهر میکنند.
تا سال 1934 بیش از 16 میلیون نسخه از آثار گوناگون رهبر توزیع شده بود. اما لنینیسم که استالینیسم نبود. . به متنی سنت ساز همچون نبرد من نیاز بود. این ضروری ترین کار بود چرا که هیچ زندگی نامه رسمی از استالین وجود نداشت. این کار برای زندگی نامه نویسان بالقوه هراس انگیز بود. چون گذشته مدام تغییر میکرد. حذف کمیسری مرده از عکس یک چیز بود. تصحیح یک زندگی نامه چیز دیگری بود.
فقط در شانگهای 7 کارخانه جدید قد سه زمین فوتبال ساختند تا بتوانند پاسخگوی تقاضا برای تصاویر، پرتره ها کتاب ها و پوسترها باشند. در استان جیانگسو کارخانه های صنعتی را برای چاپ کتاب سرخ کوچک از نو تعمیر کردند. کارخانه های تولید مرکب سرخ 24 ساعته کار میکردند. اما بازهم نمیتوانستند پاسخگوی تقاضا باشند.

مرز کره سر جای خودش ماند اما حدود 3 میلیون نفر در یکی از مرگبارترین و پوچ ترین جنگ های عصر مدرن جان خود را از دست دادند. بیشتر شبه جزیره با خاک یکسان شد ودر شمال چیز زیادی بر جای نماند. کیم اعلام پیروزی کرد و از همان ابتدا دستگاه پروپاگاندا جنگ آزاد سازی سرزمین پدری را صرفا جنگی دفاعی به نمایش گذاشته بود. جنگی که در آن ایالات متحده متجاوز بود. و به لطف هوش و بصیرت رهبر کبیر نقشه امپریالیستی برای استعمار تمام شبه جزیره با موفقیت خنثی شد. دروغ بزرگی بود اما با شست و شوی مغزی بی پایان و انزوای کامل از جهان خارج باورپذیر شد. طی بیش از یک دهه حکومت تک حزبی کنترلش را بر انچه مردم میتوانستند بخوانند ، انچه میتوانستند بگویند، جایی ک زندگی کنندو محلی که میتوانند به آن سفر کنند گسترش داد.
تمام بازدیدها در صفحه اول تمام روزنامه ها گزارش میشد. و به شکل گیری تصویر چائوشسکو رهبری که همه جا حاضر بود کمک میکرد. در نتیجه مردم زیر دستان او را سرزنش میکردند نه خودش را در قحطی ها مردم میگفتند فقط اگر چائوشسکو از این وضعیت خبر داشت!
هر چه مصیبت بیشتر صدای پروپاگاندا هم بیشتر با کاهش کیفیت همه چی شخصیت چائوشسکو شکوه بیشتری گرفت.
در 21 دسامبر نیکولای چائوشسکو در بالکن مقر فرماندهی حزب در مرکز بخارست و در میان تمام تجهیزات ظاهر شد تا خطاب به مردم بسیاری سخنرانی کند که برای حمایت از رژیم سازماندهی شده بودند.این بار جمعیتی که به آنجا برده بودند او را تشویق نکرد. در عرض چند دقیقه مردمی که عقب بودند شروع به سوت زدن و کف زدن و هو کشیدن کردند. چائوشسکو دستش را بالا برد و خواهان سکوت شد.چندین بار به میکروفون زد اما نا آرامی ها ادامه یافت. همسرش به جلو خم شد و به مردم گفت: ساکت باشید چه مرگتان است. چائوشسکو تصمیم گرفت هر طور شده به سخنرانی ادامه دهد. او با صدایی لرزان کوشید با وعده افزایش حداقل دستمزدها از خشم معترضان بکاهداما او به لرزه افتاده بود. حالا که ترسی در کار نبودتجمع به شورش تبدیل شد.
Profile Image for Mahdi.
10 reviews3 followers
March 4, 2021
به نظر من هر ایرانی در ایران باید این کتاب رو بخونه. دیکتاتوری صرفا این نیست که یک نفر دستور بده و همه اطاعت کنن. چرا تقریبا هست, یعنی دیکتاتوری ها کالا همینطورین اما در عصر جدید به اون مفهومی که ما مد نظرمونه نیست. بلکه دیکتاتور ها پشت نقاب هاشون قایم میشن. به قول کتاب یک کیش شخصیتی برای خودشون میسازن که مثال یه نقابه و مردم رو با اون گول میزنن. پشت اون نقاب وحشت , خشونت و دیکتاتوری خوابیده.
هنگامی که کتاب رو میخوندم نبض این جربان رو توی کشور خودمون هم حس میکردم مثلا یکی از کیش های شخصیص کیش شخصیتی هیتلر بوده که خودش رو فرستاده خدا و میسح واقعی میخوند اما این مسیح ملیون ها نفر رو به کشتن داد. صد ها هزار گردن رو از تن جدا کرد. ملیون ها نفر رو فقیر و بدبخت کرد ولی باز خودش رو مهربون و دلسوز و بی خبر از همه چیز نشون میداد. مردم میگفتن "اگه هلیتر میدونست" در حالی که همه این آتیش ها از همون هیتلر بلند میشد.
این کتاب به بررسی کیش شخصیتی
موسیلینی, هیتلر, استالین,مائو,کیم این سونگ, دووالیه,چائوشسکو و منگیستو
پرداخته.
در کل کتاب واقعا عالیه و هرچی نباشه مطالعه تاریخ برای هر فرد ضروری و مهمه هست.
Profile Image for Emiliya Bozhilova.
1,847 reviews367 followers
February 2, 2024
Дикьотер прави кратък обзор на “кариерите” на осем влезли в енциклопедиите и поради световния консенсус - безопасни за разглеждане - диктатори: Мусолини, Хитлер, Сталин, Мао, Ким Ир Сен, Дювалие, Чаушеску, Менгисту. Свързващата нишка е ярко изразеният и пълномащабно наложен култ към личността за всеки от тях, вариращ от пълното му отричане след краха на режима, до ескалиралите теократични измерения в Северна Корея.

Съгласна съм с тезата, че култът към личността няма толкова много за цел да убеждава, а по-скоро да превърне всички в лъжци и в съучастници в театъра на диктатурата. Така е много трудно да се получи истинско общуване и диалог, щом всички зомбирано се кълнат във Вожда, а камо ли да се организира сериозен протест. Затова спомага и терорът, разбира се, който върви в пакет с култа към личността. А както казва Клемперер в изследването си на езика на нацизма - безспирното, безмозъчно, хипнотично повторение на едни и същи пропагандни лозунги рано или късно се отплаща и се набива дори в критичните мозъци.

Като за много начално въведение в темата, книгата, предполагам, е удачен избор. Ако това не е случаят, тя се явява доста повърхностна и неизчерпателна. Част от логическите връзки между събития и участници липсват или са неясни. Остава абсолютно неадресиран въпросът защо и как всичко това е станало възможно в осемте конкретни случая. Вместо това има доста инфодъмпинг, на понякога разпокъсани факти, което - за толкова кратка книга - вероятно е неизбежно. Набляга се точно на “какво” в силно съкратен вариант, на съвсем мъничко “как” и почти липсващо “защо”. Също така - да повторя - това е политически безопасна колекция от диктатори, щеше ми се да видя Франко и Пиночет вътре, както и Мобуту, Кадафи, Хомейни, Маркос и подобни, даже и в отделна секция. С две думи - книгата е еквивалент на прилично обзорно-политическa статия по темата, и не предлага твърде много.

2,5⭐️
Profile Image for Milad.
144 reviews22 followers
January 27, 2022
" 'رهبر بزرگ را نمی توان انتخاب کرد. هنگامی که باید در جایی باشد، آنجا خواهد بود.' رهبر، منتخب توده ها نبود، رهبر توده ها را آزاد می کرد."

آداب دیکتاتوری خلاصه ای از روند شکل گیری نظام های استبدادی تعدادی از مستبدهای قرن بیستم رو توصیف می کنه. ۸ دیکتاتور در کشورهای مختلف که با ساز و کارهای مختلف به قدرت می رسن و شروع به ترویج کیش شخصیتیشون به وسیله دستگاه های تبلیغاتی می کنند.

"هدف کیش شخصیت، نه قانع کردن افراد یا باوراندن چیزی به آن ها، بلکه کاشت بذرهای سردرگمی بود و تخریب عقل سلیم، تقویت فرمانبرداری، انزوای افراد و له کردن شرفشان."

به نظر میاد اسم کتاب به خاطر وجود شباهت های روند شکل گیری و تشابه غیر قابل انکار شیوه حکومتی تعدادی از اون ها انتخاب شده. مجموعه ای از رفتار ها و دستورالعمل هایی که مستبدین عموما در راستای ارتقا و پذیرش بی چون و چرای شخصیت بی عیب و حکومت بی نقصشون انجام می دن.

سرزنش شدن اطرافیان دیکتاتور و نه شخص وی از طرف تعداد قابل توجهی از مردم؛ متهم کردن افراد زیردست و نه "انقلاب"؛ تامین هزینه های گزاف برای تبلیغ و نشون دادن حمایت های مردمی از "رهبر" و "حزب"؛ سرکوب گسترده و وجود شبه نظامیانی که وحشت ایجاد کنند از جمله مواردی هست که در ساز و کارهای تشکیلات این نوع از حاکمان مرتبا دیده می شه.

"ترس مهیبی حزب را فرا گرفت و اعضایش با عنوان هایی مثل 'مخالفان چپ' یا 'منحرفان راست' تقبیح و به سرعت بازداشت شدند. "

من دوست داشتم کتاب طولانی تر می بود گرچه در اون صورت شاید سادگی نوشتار دچار تغییراتی می شد و نکته ای که به نظرم تو کتاب قابل تحسین هست، همین سادگی و روان بودن متنش هست. من کتاب های دیگه دیکوتر رو نخوندم و ظاهرا آثار بهتری نسبت به این کتاب داره اما خوندن این کتاب رو به طور کلی توصیه می کنم.
در قسمت سخن پایانی ترجمه کتاب، متوجه شدم که دو خطی در رابطه با بشار اسد حذف شده است.

"احترام خارجی به انتقادات خانگی پایان می داد."
Profile Image for Mana Ravanbod.
385 reviews238 followers
December 8, 2022
ایده‌ی اصلیِ کتاب این است که دیکتاتوری بر کیش شخصیت استوار است و طبعاً حواسمان به این نباشد ممکن است سرمان بیاید که خب انگار خیلی هم دست ما نیست ــــ‌شایدم هست ولی فردی نیست. به هر حال کتاب در کل کوتاه و موجز و پرارجاع و دقیقی‌ست که از کسی مثل فرانک دیکوتر می‌شود انتظار داشت چون سراسر این موضوع و این تاریخ‌ها را (بخصوص چین را) خوب می‌داند و از پس کار برآمده است. راه حل کار را هم تلویحی در آن جاهایی به دست می‌دهد که مراحل اولیه‌ی شکل‌گیری کیش شخصیت را نشان می‌دهد و این یعنی آنجاها می‌شود کاری کرد جلو گرفت و بعدش شاید نه.
Profile Image for Georgiana Derwent.
Author 5 books41 followers
July 5, 2019
I’ve always found dictators to be a fascinating topic. This book focusses on eight of them: Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin, Mao, Kim, Duvalier (“Papa Doc), Ceausescu and Mengistu. I suspect that, like me, most readers will be more familiar with some of the names on that list than others. It was interesting both to get more info on the really notorious ones and to learn about some of their relatively obscure comparators. There’s also a good geographical range there, and it covers most of the twentieth century, making for a nice bit of variety, though as the author acknowledges, there are plenty more names that could have made the cut.

The central idea of the book is that “the cult of personality …belongs at the very heart of tyranny” (as opposed to being a sideshow). Each chapter gives some of the political and historical background to the relevant country and regime and touches on each dictator’s ideological views, political actions and evil deeds. However, the big focus is on their respective personality cults – the posters, parades, personal militias and myths, as well as the ways in which the population was requires to show proper adoration and punished for failure to do so. There’s a lot of interesting stuff in here. It’s a relatively easy read for such a dark and heavy topic, and I found myself reading out all sorts of random facts to my husband (eg. so many badges with Mao’s face were produced that it affected China’s ability to produce aircraft!)

On the one hand, it was fascinating to see the parallels in approaches between what were, on the face of it, very different dictators, politically and personality-wise. There are themes that come up again and again, like the populace blaming everyone else but the dictator for their troubles and swearing he’d stop examples of smallscale, localised corruption and brutality, if only he knew about it. At the same time, it’s interesting to see the way each dictators framed their message to work in their cultural context, whether that’s Mussolini bringing in Catholic aspects or Duvalier doing the same with Voodoo. That said, towards the end, my interest did start to wane slightly, as there were a lot of overlaps, plus the arguably more interesting (or at least, better known and bigger scale) characters were covered off earlier.

Overall though, I’d definitely recommend this to anyone with an interest in 20th century history, particularly those who are interested in the big players or cultural aspects. It was a nice combination of serious history/politics/biography, combined with readability and plenty of “share outloud” facts
Profile Image for Niklas Pivic.
Author 3 books71 followers
November 1, 2019
This is a collection of stories of different dictators and how they came from nowhere, tried to get big, failed, learned from it, retried, succeeded, mass killed many a person, failed, and died. That's basically it, over and over by every dictator in the book.

There were many strategies for a dictator to claw his way to power and get rid of his rivals. There were bloody purges, there was manipulation, there was divide and rule, to name only a few. But in the long run the cult of personality was the most efficient. The cult debased allies and rivals alike, forcing them to collaborate through common subordination. Most of all, by compelling them to acclaim him before the others, a dictator turned everyone into a liar. When everyone lied, no one knew who was lying, making it more difficult to find accomplices and organise a coup.


There are a lot of things that are repeated throughout the book. Most dictators in the book are ones from the 20th century, e.g. Hitler, Stalin, Il-sung, and Mao. It's interesting to read about because their strategies are now used by other dictators—or dictator wannabes—in the modern age, for example, Trump.

Dictators who lasted possessed many skills. Many excelled at hiding their feelings. Mussolini saw himself as Italy’s finest actor. In an unguarded moment Hitler, too, called himself Europe’s greatest performer. But in a dictatorship many ordinary people also learned how to act. They had to smile on command, parrot the party line, shout the slogans and salute their leader. In short, they were required to create the illusion of consent. Those who failed to play along were fined, imprisoned, occasionally shot.


There are a lot of interesting tidbits from the lives of the dictators, and they do intertwine. An example of this:

For the best part of a decade Stalin and Hitler had observed each other with a mixture of growing wariness and grudging admiration. ‘Hitler, what a great fellow!’ Stalin exclaimed after the Night of the Long Knives. Hitler, for his part, found the Great Terror deeply impressive. But Stalin had read Mein Kampf carefully, including those passages where its author promised to erase Russia from the map. ‘Never forget,’ Hitler had written, ‘that the rulers of present-day Russia are bloodstained common criminals. We are dealing with the scum of humanity.’


There are plenty of backstabbing sycophants throughout this book, most of them lending a hand in understanding that if you support an utterly corrupt demagogue who wishes to have complete control in hierarchical fashion—which is the structure for capitalist companies—you will perish; you will perhaps not go under because in a physical sense, but in a mental one.

To read of how dictators and their memory is preserved after they died is acutely interesting, as it says a lot of the ephemeral lives of dictators:

On 1 March 1953 Stalin was found lying on the floor, soaked in his own urine. A blood vessel had burst in his brain, but no one had dared to disturb him in his bedroom. Medical help, too, was delayed, as the leader’s entourage was petrified of making the wrong call. Stalin died three days later.

His body was embalmed and displayed, but crowds of mourners determined to catch a last glimpse of their leader ran out of control. Hundreds were trampled to death in the ensuing panic. After an elaborate state funeral on 9 March he was laid to rest next to Lenin. Tower bells were rung and salute guns fired.

Every train, bus, tram, lorry and car in the country came to a halt. Complete silence descended over Red Square. ‘A single sparrow swooped over the mausoleum,’ observed one foreign correspondent. An official announcement was made, then the flag slowly raised back to full mast. Eulogies came in from the beneficiaries of the regime, none more eloquent than those penned by Boris Polevoi and Nicolai Tikhonov, winners of the Stalin Prize. Millions grieved. One month after his funeral Stalin’s name vanished from the newspapers.


I found the parts about Hitler, Mussolini, and Ceauşescu to be the most interesting. Those guys were ultra-insane, and yet knew exactly how to manipulate (and take control over) the media. Just see how Mussolini was treated:

Great leaders also came to pay homage. Mohandas Gandhi, who visited twice, pronounced him ‘one of the great statesmen of the time’, while Winston Churchill in 1933 described ‘the Roman genius’ as ‘the greatest law-giver among living men’. From the United States alone, he received William Randolph Hearst, New York Governor Al Smith, banker Thomas W. Lamont, future vice-presidential candidate Colonel Frank Knox and Archbishop of Boston William Cardinal O’Connell. Thomas Edison called him the ‘greatest genius of modern times’ after a short meeting.


That also goes for Mao:

Mao’s cult, closely associated with Lin Biao and the People’s Liberation Army, was scaled back almost overnight. China moved even further away from the Soviet Union, turning instead towards the United States in 1972. Cities were spruced up for Nixon’s visit, with posters removed and anti-imperialist slogans toned down. Shanghai underwent a facelift. It took a small army of women to scrub out a huge slogan opposite the Peace Hotel proclaiming ‘Long Live the Invincible Thoughts of Chairman Mao’. New slogans appeared, welcoming the ‘Great Unity of the Peoples of the World’. All signs of the Chairman were removed from window displays. Thousands of statues were dismantled, discreetly sent off for recycling.

The Chairman, too, was primped and preened. His meeting with Nixon was a huge propaganda coup. The news sent shock waves around the world, as the balance of the Cold War shifted away from the Soviet Union. In Beijing, Mao gloated that the United States was ‘changing from monkey to man, not quite a man yet, the tail is still there’. He had reduced Nixon, the leader of the most powerful nation on earth, to a mere emissary seeking an imperial audience [...]


All in all, this book is interesting, enlightening, and seems very well-researched, but felt a bit repetitive towards the end. It's a good read for anyone who is keen to look into their history and for a Kardashian to take hold of their future in new ways.
Profile Image for Atefe.
7 reviews11 followers
October 25, 2024
این کتاب کیش شخصیت چندین نفر از اشخاص دیکتاتور در طول قرن بیستم مورد بررسی قرار میده.
نکته ی جالب برای من شباهت های نسبتا زیاد این افراد با هم بود.
۱. علاقه ی زیادی داشتند که مورد ستایش و بهتر بگم تملق و چاپلوسی قرار بگیرند.
۲. دیکتاتورهایی مانند هیتلر، استالین و دوالیه اعلام می کردند که به عنوان یک منجی و با مشیت الهی جهت رهبری جامعه انتخاب شده اند و کم کم رهبر جامعه و طرز تفکر او و حزب حاکم و مقدس جلوه می دادند.
۳. علاقه ی زیاد به تغییر کتب درسی و تزریق سیاست از طریق کتاب های درسی به کودکان.
۴. القای طرز تفکر وجود دشمن جهت کنترل آزادی های مردم.
۵. اقتصاد خودکفا و کنترل صادرات و واردات و در نتیجه نابودی اقتصاد.
۶. حضور عکس، پرتره و مجسمه ی رهبر در فضای جامعه از جمله ادارت و کتاب ها. نام گذاری خیابان ها و معابر به نام رهبر.
و مشابهت های دیگه.
کتاب با یک جمله ی طلایی تمام میشه :
بزرگترین تهدید برای دیکتاتورها نه از جانب مردم بلکه از جانب خودشان است.
Profile Image for HaifaAhrari.
185 reviews22 followers
December 31, 2022
دیکتاتورهایی که دوام می‌آورند، بر دو ابزار قدرت تکیه دارند؛
وحشت و کیش شخصیت.
دیکتاتور بر نیروهای قضایی، نظامی، امنیتی، پلیس، بازجویان و شکنجه‌گران متکی می‌باشد.
  چهره‌ی دیکتاتورها بر روی بیلبورد ساختمانها، ادارات، مدارس و پادگانهای ارتش به چشم می‌خورد.
تصاویر، شعارها و سخنان دیکتاتور، زینت‌بخش تمام ادارات و مدارس، با هدف کیش شخصیت است.
در دیکتاتوری‌ها، وفاداری به شخص ِ دیکتاتور، مهمترین مسئله است.
هدف دیکتاتوری، تخریب عقل سلیم و تقویت تقدس فرمان بُرداری است.
همه دیکتاتورها در محاصره‌ی افراد چاپلوس و دروغگویان و شیادان سیاسی بی‌اصول هستند که در طول سالها،آنها را ترفیع داده‌اند.
در نظام دیکتاتوری، پاداش وفاداری، بیش از پاداش توانایی است. دیکتاتورها دستاوردها را به حساب خودشان می‌نویسند، اما برای شکست‌ها دیگران را سرزنش می‌کنند.
دیکتاتورها در سطح ملی بگیر و ببند وسیع با عناوینی نظیر جاسوس،خائن و فتنه‌گر، راه می‌اندازند. دیکتاتورها، دشمن فراوان می‌بینند.
آنها دادگاهای نمایشی راه می‌اندازند و دگراندیشان را در تلویزیون حکومتی،
مجبور به اعتراف می‌کنند.

دیکتاتورها ژست علامه‌ی‌دهر به خود می‌گیرند و در مورد حکمت، فلسفه، مسائل پزشکی، روشهای آبیاری، تولید فولاد، کارساختمانی و ... ، رهنمود می‌دهند هیچ‌چیزی مثل تهدیدجنگ کانون توجه دیکتاتور را، متمرکز نمی‌کند‌ و به منظور آمادگی برای جنگ، به دنبال اقتصاد خودکفا هستند.
  دیکتاتورها، خواهان ابراز چاکری و اطاعت مدام از سوی همان مردمی هستند
که بر آنها، ظالمانه، حکومت می‌کنند.
با از بین رفتن ترس،کل زیربنای دیکتاتوری فرو می‌ریزد.

"آداب دیکتاتوری - فرانک دیکوتر"
Profile Image for Faiza.
20 reviews7 followers
January 14, 2020
Reductive, boring. Verbose. Better off as a long essay for the Atlantic.
Profile Image for Victor Liu.
15 reviews
December 29, 2021
Very laboured read. Although very detailed, it felt like reading a history textbook where there was not really any value added by the author.
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