Swarm Theory traces its roots back to the 1940s in a conjecture by John Von Neumann that there might be a self-replicating automaton. British mathematician John Conway simplified Von Neumann’s solution with “The Game of Life” (which has no connection to the Milton Bradley board game of the same name).
Conway’s game uses a small set of very simple rules for turning cells on or off within a grid structure. The game launched a revolution in artificial intelligence and the study of cellular automata. However, it would not be until scientists began figuring out ways to replicate ant behavior in business scheduling processes that people would see the connection between the simple math rules of “The Game of Life” and Swarm Theory.
Swarm Theory proposes that large groups of simple intelligences can solve complex problems very efficiently. You might stop to ask if that means the human brain is a swarm of simple intelligences working together. The question has indeed occurred to a number of people.