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The Development of Metaphysics in Persia: A Contribution to the History of Muslim Philosophy

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Excerpt from The Development of Metaphysics in PersiaMysticism who is anxious to see an all-embracing exposition of the principle of Unity, must look up the heavy volumes of the Andalusian Ibn al-'arabi, whose profound teaching stands in strange contrast with the dry-as-dust Islam of his countrymen. The results, however, of the intellectual activity of the different branches of the great Aryan family are strikingly similar. The outcome of all Idealistic speculation in India is Buddha, in Persia Bahaullah, and in the west Schopen hauer whose system, in Hegelian language, is the marriage of free oriental universality with occidental determinateness.

172 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1908

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Muhammad Iqbal Sir

2 books1 follower

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Displaying 1 - 10 of 10 reviews
Profile Image for Motahareh Nabavi.
32 reviews37 followers
May 10, 2019
comprehensive examination of development of metaphysics in persia; things that I personally appreciated were Iqbal's linking of ideas thoughout times/religions/places, and his brining in the topic of "love" in every philosopher's ideas that he touched on.
26 reviews3 followers
September 9, 2016
What do I think? I'm thinking how in the world did Iqbal make such a dry subject like Persian metaphysics so engaging and rich. If only we have more Iqbals...
Profile Image for ع.
57 reviews
January 4, 2022
برای ۱۱۴ سال پیش شاید کتاب خوبی بوده اما اکنون در هر زمینه مورد بحث کتاب های مفصل تر و دقیق تر پیدا می‌شود هرچند به عنوان چکیده و مدخلی بسیار مختصر برای آغاز شاید خواندنی باشد
Profile Image for Hamed.
155 reviews4 followers
October 30, 2020
تلاش کرده است روایتی کامل از تاریخ تفکر ایران بیرون بکشد اما آنچه یافته، گاهی منطبق و گاهی بی ربط به ایده است. ثنویت مغ های ایران و فلسفه ی یونانی جاهایی خودی نشان میدهند اما بسیاری اوقات در محاق اند و جهد اقبال ناکام مانده است.
منابع اصلی او غلط نیستند اما دست دوم اند و اکثرا غربی.
کاری که اقبال آغاز کرده نه توسط سید حسین نصر و نه توسط کُربن، تکمیل نشده است به دست دادن یک روایت کامل از تفکر ایرانی هنوز هم در آغاز راه است.
Profile Image for Bahman Bahman.
Author 3 books239 followers
July 9, 2018
محمد اقبال لاهوری(1256_ 1317خورشیدی) شاعر فیلسوف و متفکر اهل شبه قاره که اشعار زیادی به زبان پارسی سروده است.
کتاب سیر فلسفه در ایران(یا سیر حکمت در ایران) در اصل پایان نامه ی دکترای اقبال لاهوری است.
در این کتاب کوتاه که به زبان نو رایج در محافل باخترزمین و در نتیجه روان تر و قابل درک تر نوشته شده است به صورت اجمالی با فلسفه ی ایران و آراء و اندیشه های برخی از فیلسوفان ایرانی آشنا می شوید.در این کتاب خواهید دید بسیاری از اندیشه های فیلسوفان عصر جدید در اروپا نظیر دیوید هیوم , جرج برکلی , دکارت و... سال ها پیش به گونه ای در لابه لای نوشتجات و مجادلات فلسفی فیلسوفان ایرانی و عرب یافت می شوند.
اقبال در این رساله با روش تشریحی زمینه‌های تاریخی ظهور و تحولات فلسفه در ایران را بررسی کرده است .اقبال، علاوه بر آن مفاهیم فلسفی قدیم را به زبان فلسفی امروزی بیان کرده و مضافا این که ریشه‌های تصوف ایرانی و اسلامی را مرور نموده است .این رساله در دو بخش سامان یافته است .
بخش نخست با عنوان فلسفه در ایران باستان به شرح دو گرایی ایرانی (زردشت، مانی و مزدک) و بخش دوم با عنوان "دو گرایی یونانی " با این موضوعات به طبع رسیده است :ارسطوییان نوافلاطونی"، "ظهور و سقوط خردگرایی در اسلام"، "مجادله واقع‌گرایی و انگارگرایی"، "تصوف"، و "فلسفه در عصر جدید .
Profile Image for Heather Gleason.
14 reviews2 followers
June 1, 2018
It was approx. 145 pages, yet it took me a while to finish this book because the concepts in it were "heavy". The book is a doctoral thesis that describes the religions and philosophy of Persia (present Iran) from the days of Mani and the Zoroaster religion, to dual and single universe natures, to Greek and subsequently Muslim schools of thought. Much of the thinking of Persia reflects other areas and overlaps other religions including Buddhism and Hinduism. There are even elements of the mystical Sufi religion and it's various forms and philosophers discussed. So, while a short read, it is rather thorough in it's chronological discussion of the thinking of the Persian empire.
Profile Image for Rohan Rajesh.
47 reviews1 follower
February 3, 2023
A great survey of Persian metaphysics from Zarathustra to the Bab. Iqbal weaves an intricate thread that ties together Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, and Persian Sufism among others. In doing so, he also draws in fascinating connections with Greek Philosophy, Vedanta, and Christianity. The only issue is that this does read like an early 20th century paper in terms of assigning large-scale qualities to Aryan vs. Abrahamic worldviews, but not in a way that would prove offensive. Overall this is invaluable to an understanding of Persian culture and thus old world culture generally
Profile Image for Dayi Behrad.
83 reviews4 followers
April 11, 2021
کتاب در حد سُک سُک کردن به فلسفه پرداخته، نه کم‌تر و نه بیش‌تر! واژگان نامتعارف و عدم تشریح کافی از ایرادات این کتاب بود. در فصل سوم اینگونه به نظر می‌رسید که نویسنده این کتاب را برای خودش نوشته، نه برای ما.
به هیچ عنوان خواندن این کتاب را توصیه نمی‌کنم.
Profile Image for Shehroze Ameen.
98 reviews6 followers
September 4, 2019
It took nearly five years, but honestly the time and duration taken to fully read this masterpiece was worth it.

It isn't Kant, or Plato or any of the great Western philosophies, but it is still a good place to learn about Zoroastrianism and Persia both in the context of what it was, and what it had become (as Ireland). Even the references which are included in the book make it worthwhile.

Gives a definitive understanding of Iqbal as a philosopher in the day when we literally didn't have so much information in the palm of our hands.
Profile Image for tangy.
15 reviews2 followers
August 16, 2023
This was great. Flawed, but great. I know more about a niche subject than I ever did before, and have much to learn going forward in regards to Zoroastrianism, the many schools of Sufism, etc. I’d recommend this book to anyone interested in Persian/Islamic theology with Greek undercurrents.
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