“The majority of contra arguments, from Pierre Gassendi, Georg Lichtenberg, Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, John Macmurray to Bernard Williams, come from the idea that Descartes presupposes an I doing the thinking, although this may not be true. (Another significant counterargument, relating to the Decartes’ method in general, is that he never questioned the doubt itself.)”