Underground Knowledge — A discussion group discussion

Excerpt from Chapter 25 of Vaccine Science Revisited: Are Childhood Immunizations As Safe As Claimed?:

Diphtheria, tetanus & pertussis – Sudden death

“Experiments to produce anaphylactic shock are facilitated by addition of pertussis vaccine to the solution: the mice (or rabbits, or hamsters, or whatever) die more rapidly, and in larger numbers. By the same token, addition of the vaccine to the sterile brain and spinal cord solution greatly enhances it's ability to generate an allergic encephalitis.” ―Harris Coulter, Vaccination, Social Violence, and Criminality: The Medical Assault on the American Brain


Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DTP) vaccine is a cocktail of toxoids in one single shot.

When the vaccine is being manufactured, it’s actually manufactured as three separate vaccines: a diphtheria vaccine, a pertussis vaccine and a tetanus vaccine. After they have all been made, they are then combined into one single vial.

In the production process of the diphtheria vaccine, only the toxins are extracted from bacteria and used. The toxins inside Corynebacterium diphtheriae are proteins called exotoxins. These proteins help the bacterium grow. After the exotoxins finish their job they are released.

Unfortunately for we humans, when the exotoxins are released inside our body, they can be harmful. They destroy our cellular production of proteins and this eventually kills the cells.

When manufacturing the tetanus vaccine, the toxins from Clostridium tetani, diphtheriae’s cousin, are extracted and used. These toxins enter our body when we puncture our skin, such as when we step on a rusty nail. Just like diphtheriae, C. tetani is harmless without its toxins. C. tetani produces two toxins, but we’re only interested in the harmful one, tetanospasmin, which takes away our muscles’ ability to relax by blocking nerve signals.

The third vaccine added to this triple combination vaccine is called Bordetella pertussis. This one behaves quite differently to the other two. Instead of utilizing exotoxins, it contains endotoxins. Endotoxins are an actual part of the cell wall. When the bacterium dies, the cell wall breaks and the toxins leak into the surrounding environment.

Pertussis has three components that can make us sick. One of them is the cyclase toxin (CyaA), which causes the infamous whopping cough. Another one is the pertussis toxin (PT toxin), which attacks the macrophages in our throat, and the last one is filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA). This one’s a sticky son of a gun.

The sticky mucous substance, hemagglutinin, allows the bacteria stick to our mucosal lining. This makes it difficult to breathe, especially for a tiny baby with narrow airways.

Now let’s think about this for a second and summarize what we know so far. When a natural infection occurs, the germ becomes trapped in our mucosal tissue where immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies attack and produce memory immunity. In a vaccine injection, these toxins are not entering the body via mucosal lining in its natural state within the bacteria. Rather, they are injected straight into the bloodstream as toxoids.


The death DTaP

We were surprised to see Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) mentioned on a few of the package inserts. After some digging, we realized some argue SIDS is connected to the pertussis toxoids while others claim there are not enough cases to substantiate any such correlation.

One common adverse reaction, not only as a reaction to the DTaP vaccine, but many others as well, is apnea. Another one is cyanosis. So, we wondered whether this could be one of the many times where the wording confuses the consistency of diagnosis.

How would apnea and cyanosis be confused with SIDS? Apnea is the absence of breathing. Cyanosis occurs when the skin or tissues don’t receive enough oxygen and turn blue. When a baby dies with its skin turning blue and/or not breathing could it be diagnosed with SIDS?

There are cases where apnea or cyanosis occur and is caught in time to resuscitate the baby (and baby survives). These cases will then, of course, not be counted as SIDS. Does that mean they shouldn’t be a part of the statistics in the warning section of SIDS in adverse events? Aren’t the symptoms of SIDS the same as a child with apnea or cyanosis up to the point of resuscitation?

The only reason someone needs to be resuscitated is because he or she ceased to breathe. Are we missing something? Is it safe to say that if a baby’s death is attributed to apnea, it died from SIDS? If the baby’s death is attributed to apnea and not SIDS, does that lower the SIDS deaths stats?

In the 1970s, Japan experienced multiple infant deaths claimed to be caused by the DPT vaccine. This was quite concerning for the Japanese Government. So, by making some adjustments to Eli Lily’s own vaccine-recipe, they made a purer and safer acellular pertussis vaccine. Japan started using this new vaccine in 1981.

Although this incident was widely reported and well known, the US kept using the more reactive version of the vaccine. Not surprisingly, perhaps, by the mid-1980s in the US, the side-effects from the DTP vaccine had triggered about 300 lawsuits against the vaccine manufacturers.

Authors of another study, this one done in India, conclude that there is no association between SIDS and DTP vaccine. Something we found a little odd was that they exclude all the children who had “any history of risk of SIDS in family or to child”. What makes us curious about this exclusion, is, would these children have been excluded from receiving vaccination if they were not a part of the study?

It seems to be a consistent flaw in study trial designs that they don’t include those at higher risk in the test (vaccine) group. This, of course, makes sense, but it’s also very misleading. It biases the study towards falsely high safety results.

A research paper on Infant Mortality Rates (IMR), states that ‘Crib death’, which is another term for SIDS, used to be so unheard of. It wasn’t even recorded in the ‘infant mortality statistics’ .

The authors continue:

“For the first time in history, most US infants were required to receive several doses of DPT, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines. Shortly thereafter, in 1969, medical certifiers presented a new medical term—sudden infant death syndrome. In 1973, the National Center for Health Statistics added a new cause-of-death category—for SIDS—to the ICD. […] By 1980, SIDS had become the leading cause of postneonatal mortality (deaths of infants from 28 days to one year old) in the United States.”

The authors also mention conclusions drawn in other research papers as well. For instance, they state that in Australia it was found “when the SIDS rate decreased, deaths attributed to asphyxia increased.”

Could this be another case of wide selection of diagnosis?

In the early 2000s, SIDS was replaced by diagnoses like ‘suffocation in bed’ and ‘unknown causes’. Not surprisingly, less children suffered from SIDS after that.

Although their study or conclusion isn’t about whether the vaccines cause SIDS, they found that: “nations that require more vaccine doses tend to have higher infant mortality rates.”

How safe do the FDA and the CDC feel this vaccine is? This question relates to a study that was funded by these two organizations. The conclusion of this study isn’t necessarily their official standing on the matter. The authors used the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) to collect data on adverse events in relation to the DTaP vaccine from January 1, 1991 through December 31, 2016.

The authors of the study were not surprised to find SIDS to be the most prevalent since SIDS is “the fourth leading cause of death in the United States among infants” and according to the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD), it’s “the second leading cause of death among children aged 0 to 18 months.” They continue by explaining how the incidence of SIDS has actually gone down with time and don’t believe the DTaP vaccine is the causal factor for SIDS.

Keep in mind that all cases of adverse events from vaccinations reported to the FDA are believed to be less than one percent of all actual cases. Despite this, in a 15-year period, with less than one percent of adverse events reported, 844 deaths of children who received the DTaP vaccine were officially acknowledged. They also found official records for 725 of these deaths, which they categorized under Cause of Death. In their list of reasons, SIDS was highest with 350 deaths (48.3%). Undetermined and Other (causes) equaled 119 deaths (16.4%).

Their argument is that rather than it being the vaccine causing SIDS, it’s merely a coincidental factor as it happens to be administered together with multiple other vaccines and at an age when children are most likely to die from SIDS.

Excerpt (cont'd) from Chapter 25 of Vaccine Science Revisited: Are Childhood Immunizations As Safe As Claimed?:

Viral awakening

Apart from SIDS, there have been other incidences of death from this vaccine. As you may remember, formaldehyde (FA) is used to inactivate the toxins. It does this by randomly destroying some of the surface proteins. Unfortunately, because formaldehyde isn’t coded for specific proteins, we have no idea which proteins it will break.

An incident involving the use of formaldehyde is the 1948 Kyoto Disaster in Japan. Some 606 children received a vaccine containing the diphtheria toxoid. Something happened during the manufacturing that caused the toxoid to ‘wake up’ and revert back to its original toxin. This caused 68 of the 606 children to die. That’s more than 10%. Imagine if there had been hundreds of thousands of children vaccinated.

Authors of a paper that summarized a workshop on neurological effects of vaccines state:

“[…] there is sufficient experimental data to implicate both endotoxin and PT [pertussis toxin] in adverse neurologic reactions to pertussis vaccine.”

In 2018, a paper on ‘the Pertussis Enigma’ the authors explain that:

“According to 2008 estimates, pertussis caused 16 million cases and 195 000 deaths in children younger than 5 years old worldwide, despite a global 82% vaccine coverage.”

They continue:

“whole-cell and acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines do not protect against transmission and that waning of infection- or vaccine-derived immunity generates an endemic pool of adults, who act as a reservoir of transmission to young children.”

The authors set out to look into the validity of these statements. They collected data from 32 countries, and only four (Australia, Israel, Netherlands, U.S.A) had increased incidences in pertussis from 1980 to 2012. The authors include graphs showing the 20 countries that switched from whole cell pertussis vaccine to the acellular pertussis vaccine, to see if there was a shift in incidence of disease. Interestingly, they were unable to find a solid answer.

The data is not consistent between all the countries. What seems to apply in one country doesn’t necessarily apply in another.

Besides the four countries mentioned above (four countries which actually showed a steady incline in pertussis incidence), Italy had a drastic decrease in pertussis cases. South Korea continued to see a drop in cases after they switched over to acellular pertussis, but then suddenly, a decade later, the number of cases rose steadily.

The authors’ overall conclusion, after reviewing all their data, is that there isn’t enough consistency to draw even a hypothetical conclusion on the vaccine’s behavior.

We don’t know if DTaP plays a role in SIDS, but we do find the circumstantial correlations undeniable. It would be interesting to pull the same data from other countries and compare their vaccine schedules with SIDS or similar infant deaths. Another aspect that would be interesting to look into is adding the vaccine brand used in each of these countries or cases.


References for Chapter 25: Diphtheria, tetanus & pertussis – Sudden death:

Srinivas, K., Preeti, G., and Pasula, S. (2015). DPT immunization and SIDS.”Int J Contemp Pediatr, 2(3), 202-207.
Miller, N.Z., and Goldman, G.S. (2011). Infant Mortality Rates Regressed against Number of Vaccine Doses Routinely given: Is There a Biochemical or Synergistic Toxicity? Human & Experimental Toxicology, 30(9), 1420–1428.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Moro, P.L., Perez-Vilar, S., Lewis, P., Bryant-Genevier, M., Kamiya, H., and Cano, M. (2018). Safety Surveillance of Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis (DTaP) Vaccines. Pediatrics, 142(1).
Ibid.
Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Inc. (n.d.). Electronic Support for Public Health-Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (ESP:VAERS). [Grant final report]. Retrieved from: https://healthit.ahrq.gov/sites/defau...
Menkes, J.H. and Kinsbourne, M. (1990). Workshop on Neurologic Complications of Pertussis and Pertussis Vaccination. Neuropediatrics, 21(4), 171-176.
Domenech de Cellès, M., Magpantay, F.M.G., King, A.A., and Rohani, P. (2016). The Pertussis Enigma: Reconciling Epidemiology, Immunology and Evolution. Proc Biol Sci. 283(1822), 20152309.
Ibid.
Ibid.

Excerpt from Chapter 26 of Vaccine Science Revisited: Are Childhood Immunizations As Safe As Claimed?:

Diphtheria, tetanus & pertussis - Controversy

“Leave your drugs in the chemist’s pot if you can cure the patient with food.” –Hippocrates (Greek physician 420 BC)


Another illness that has been associated with, among other vaccines, the DTaP vaccine, is Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). It’s said to be an autoimmune disorder caused by molecular mimicry.

Molecular mimicry is when invading antigens, like those in a vaccine, look a lot like our own proteins. This process starts when these invading particles activate our immune cells causing them to release cytokines to clean out invading germs or antigens. Cytokines are proteins that help cells communicate with each other by signaling certain commands and messages. So, in molecular mimicry, these cytokines, and other actions our body has initiated, start cleaning out their own antigens also, hence autoimmunity.

Another syndrome that has been associated with tetanus toxoid is antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). This happens when the body has too many antibodies (proteins) fighting the invading molecules. It’s an autoimmune disease where the body attacks our phospholipids. Phospholipids is fat inside our cells. Such an attack damages our cells and causes our blood to thicken and clot. This can have many complicated health problems, including heart attacks and kidney damage. Other factors that cause this syndrome are bacteria, viruses and yeast. Needless to say, these are all vaccine ingredients as well. Sometimes this syndrome is called Hughes Syndrome.

What about the Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS)? After a closer look this syndrome turned out to be more technical than expected. It’s normally associated with its synonym pediatric abusive head trauma (AHT).

A chapter on this subject in StatPearls, defines SBS as:

“Abusive head trauma with a pattern of injuries that may include retinal hemorrhages and regular patterns of brain injury.

“[…] used to describe brain injury symptoms consistent with vigorously shaking an infant or small child.”

According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) can be related to vaccines, including the DTaP vaccine. This has been linked with Barlow’s disease, which is vitamin C deficiency in infants. Barlow’s disease looks a lot like SBS and therefore has been mistaken for child abuse.

This link between “Vaccine-induced vitamin C deficiency” and SBS was also acknowledge in Sweden in 2016.

Shaken Baby Syndrome is often referred to in scientific literature as ‘non-accidental injury’. Scientists have known for more than 80 years that the pertussis vaccine causes brain damage. The controversy isn’t really over the fact that it happens, but how often it happens.


One thing, many names

Another adverse event DPT vaccine is said to trigger, are seizures. This is included in the package inserts. As with so many other disorders, seizures have gone through multiple labels. You will find some of them in the package inserts.

What if your child is diagnosed with infantile spasm? This disorder is not included in the package insert, yet it is a form of a seizure. We wondered whether these children were automatically included in the seizure category or if they were not counted at all.

Other labels include cerebral palsy, convulsions and epilepsy. We’re aware these are all considered to be slightly different, but by dividing seizures into so many categories, does it make seizures as an adverse event look less frequent? Does it make a seizure appear to be a rare event when perhaps it isn’t all that rare?


Sick with it

Another concern is the fact that the vaccine appears to have the ability to cause the diseases it’s trying to protect us from. Whooping cough has re-emerged among those ailments vaccinated against all over the world.

A paper from 2016 states:

“[…] acellular vaccines, although protective against pertussis disease, do not protect against B. pertussis infection”.

This means that you may not become sick, but you can still carry the bacteria in your body and infect others.

Another study suggests there are individuals who have been vaccinated and then catch the disease. They may not know they have it because the symptoms are not being expressed, but the bacteria are still present in their body. This way they become a walking reservoir for everyone around them.


References for Chapter 26: Diphtheria, tetanus & pertussis -- Controversy:

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). (2010, Dec. 15th). Learning About Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS). National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). Retrieved from: https://www.genome.gov/17516396/learn...
Cusick, M.F., Libbey, J.E., and Fujinami, R.S. (2012). Molecular Mimicry as a Mechanism of Autoimmune Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 42(1), 102–111.
Joyce, T., and Huecker, M.R. (2018). Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma (Shaken Baby Syndrome). In B. Abai, et al (Eds.). StatPearls. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NB...
Innis, M. (2006). Vaccines, Apparent Life-Threatening Events, Barlowís Disease, and Questions about ‘Shaken Baby Syndrome’. Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons, 11(1), 17-19. Retrieved from: https://www.jpands.org/vol11no1/innis...
Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services (SBU). (2016). Traumatic shaking – The role of the triad in medical investigations of suspected traumatic shaking. [Systematic review]. Retrieved from https://www.sbu.se/contentassets/09cc...
Locht, C. (2016). Pertussis: Where did we go wrong and what can we do about it? J Infect, 72, S34-S40.
Althouse, B.M. and Scarpino, S.V. (2015) Asymptomatic transmission and the resurgence of Bordetella pertussis. BMC Med, 13, 146.

Excerpt from Chapter 27 of Vaccine Science Revisited: Are Childhood Immunizations As Safe As Claimed?:

Bias

“Science is the search for truth, that is the effort to understand the world: it involves the rejection of bias, of dogma, of revelation, but not the rejection of morality.” – Linus Pauling (American scientist).


Dr. James D. Cherry from New Jersey has a very impressive medical career, especially within the field of infectious diseases. He has performed studies funded by, among others, Sanofi Pasteur and GSK. In 2003 he received the Pediatric Infectious Disease Society Distinguished Physician Award. Among Dr. Cherry’s multiple studies on vaccine trials, he wrote one together with Stanley Plotkin about the ‘one-size-fits-all’ bias used in data collection.

In the paper the authors go on to explain how trials can be skewed by the fact that different countries have different case definitions for pertussis.

As an example, they state in the above paper that:

“France requires that cough be present for more than 7 days, whereas Australia accepts cough of any duration if it is accompanied by paroxysms, whooping, or vomiting. The EU also accepts any physician's diagnosis of pertussis and apnea as a clinically defining symptom in infants.”

Their major concern is that pertussis is not being diagnosed often enough, which means the vaccine usage will not increase:

“Without knowing that the disease predominantly occurs in this population, attempts to increase vaccine use in adolescents and adults are unlikely to be made.”

It’s perhaps not a surprise this was funded by Sanofi Pasteur. Either way, it shows that misdiagnosing can be a concern for both vaccine manufacturers and those expressing concerns over vaccine safety.

In another paper written by J.D Cherry in 2011, he expresses concern about the 2010 pertussis epidemic in California. The media attributed the epidemic to vaccine failures. When Dr. Cherry took a closer look, he determined the vaccine did not live up to its expectations due to case definition.

Eventually, the World Health Organization (WHO) came up with a standardized case definition. The author, J.D Cherry, in his above-mentioned paper, shares something that surprised us a little:

“I was a member of the WHO committee and disagreed with the primary case definition because it was clear at that time that this definition would eliminate a substantial number of cases and therefore inflate reported efficacy values.”

Which must surely raise the question if you are a vaccine researcher receiving funding from vaccine manufacturers, should you be on the WHO committee that determines the case definition? Maybe this is normal, we haven’t looked into it, but it just seems like conflict of interest.

There appear to be multiple biases in play when it comes to data collected for vaccine trials included in the package inserts. These include concerns such as when researchers interview parents or guardians to gather data and when researchers cherry-pick healthy individuals to participate in their vaccine trials. The latter is called Healthy User Bias (HUB). The end result being, of course, the vaccinated group will consist of stronger and healthier individuals.

A paper on HUB in a DPT vaccine study on SIDS reported in 1992 that, to reconfirm what we said above, those who have a predisposition for SIDS or encephalopathy would not be given the vaccine for the study. Therefore, it doesn’t represent the actual risk of the vaccine. Instead, these individuals are put in the unvaccinated group, which makes this group unfairly prone to illness or death.

In a nutshell, as we understand it, the authors of the study are expressing concerns that the study design is excluding the very people who are prone to adverse effects potentially triggered or caused by the vaccine.

In their concluding remarks, they state:

“The fact that such biases do exist makes it difficult to demonstrate convincingly that a vaccine is not responsible for rare, severe, adverse reactions.”

The WHO published a review on several DTP vaccine studies and infant deaths. They found the studies were designed or performed in a biased and inconsistent manner.

Another concern to look out for is the fact that predisposed children may not be excluded from the study. Meaning, instead of being put in the vaccinated group, they are put in the group which does not receive the DTP vaccine. But since these children are already fragile, they are more prone to illnesses or even death. These two groups are then compared to each other.

Then authors of a paper published in 2017 discussed observations made in multiple studies on frailty and survival biases. Another study by some of the same authors echoes the sentiment when they state that “[m]ost observations were repeated in several studies and generated new deductions” . So, not only is the formerly biased data used to draw a conclusion, but it is then re-used for multiple studies. Studies which use the data for their own interpretations.

Perhaps the statement that stood out the most to us in the above-mentioned study was when the authors suggested that:

“All currently available evidence suggests that DTP vaccine may kill more children from other causes than it saves from diphtheria, tetanus or pertussis. Though a vaccine protects children against the target disease it may simultaneously increase susceptibility to unrelated infections.”


Gender discrimination

Another observation the authors made was that vaccinated girls had a considerably higher mortality rate than vaccinated boys. This ratio was highly dependent on whether or not the oral polio vaccine (OPV) was given simultaneously. For instance, girls receiving the DPT were 12 times more likely to die than unvaccinated girls. But if the OPV was given simultaneously, the vaccinated girls were 9.5 times more likely to die than the unvaccinated girls.

Compare this to the boys, and the difference is surprising. The boys receiving DPT vaccine by itself were 8.9 times more likely to die than the unvaccinated boys. The boys receiving DPT vaccine combined with OPV were 2.2 times more likely to die than the unvaccinated boys.

Now why would this be? Interestingly, at least according to the study referred to above, it appears to be gender specific.

How do the vaccines affect our immune system? If we go back to what we talked about in Part One of this book, you may remember that adjuvated vaccines will activate T helper 2 (Th2) cells. The oral polio vaccine is not injected, but rather is administered the same way a person would be exposed to the natural poliovirus: via mucosal lining. Therefore, it doesn’t contain adjuvants and also, it activates the T helper 1 (Th1) cells. This allows both the innate and the acquired immune system to become activated.


Morph-eus

Another concern is when we vaccinate against a germ it can adapt to its environment and survive by changing its appearance enough so the vaccine doesn’t recognize it anymore. This means we now have a new germ strain created by the vaccines. Another side to this coin is the fact that usually germs already have multiple strains. Vaccinating for only one or few of them gives the other strains the opportunity to take their place.

A Dutch scientist, Dr. Frits Mooi , says his research suggests there is variance between the current pertussis vaccine and a new more virulent strain of the germ now in circulation.

An online article on KPBS’ website discusses how people who have already been vaccinated are still contracting whooping cough. KPBS is a news media outlet provided to us by San Diego State University. The authors mention that if you were to read the package insert of “the two most common pertussis vaccines in the U.S.”, you would see it says they are 85% effective.

J.D. Cherry, who was involved in the studies when the vaccines were licensed by the FDA, estimated they were 70% to 80% effective. According to the KPBS article, Dr. “Mooi said there’s no way to know how effective the vaccines are because they haven’t been tested against the new strain.”

Then there is the herd immunity concept. This is when the majority of people in a country, region or other communities are vaccinated, thereby providing a kind of protective shield for those who are not immunologically fit to receive a vaccine. On the flip side, this has also been hypothesized to alter the virus, by allowing it to adjust to the tightly packed environment.

Researchers from Finland and China used Bordetella pertussis to analyze how the vaccine can affect the germ.

They state:

“[…] sequenced and analysed the complete genomes of 40 B. pertussis strains from Finland and China, as well as 11 previously sequenced strains from the Netherlands, where different vaccination strategies have been used over the past 50 years.”

In the conclusion of their study, the researchers saw:

“[…] that evolution of the B. pertussis population was closely associated with the country vaccination coverage.”

They also noted that “the immune pressure of vaccination” dictates the evolutionary growth of B. pertussis.

We can only imagine it’s difficult enough to figure out the dangers of a vaccine covering three different illnesses, especially when also given simultaneously with other vaccines. With various countries having their own diagnostic criteria it can make it difficult for one country to know whether their results would mirror a safety trial conducted in another country. So, hypothetically could Americans, for instance, deem a vaccine safe in their country based on a trial performed in Germany?

Another concern we have is, if the criteria for what constitutes the symptoms keeps changing, should not the safety studies be reviewed or redone to mirror the updated criteria?

References for Chapter 27: Bias:

Cherry, J.D. (n.d.). James D. Cherry, M.D. Retrieved from https://www.uclahealth.org/james-cherry
Krogstad, P.A. (2003). The Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society Annual Awards, 2003: Presentation of the Distinguished Physician Award to James D. Cherry, M.D. By Paul A. Krogstad, M.D. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 22(9), 763-764.
The Embryo Project Encyclopedia. (2017, April 13). Stanley Alan Plotkin (1932-). Retrieved from https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/stanley-...
Cherry, J.D., Tan, T., von König, C-H., Forsyth, K.D., Thisyakorn, U., Greenberg, D., ... Plotkin, S. (2012). Clinical Definitions of Pertussis: Summary of a Global Pertussis Initiative Roundtable Meeting, February 2011. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 54(12), 1756-1764.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Cherry, J.D. (2011, Deecmber 20). Why do Pertussis Vaccines Fail? [Presentation at the 9th International Bordetella Symposium, September 30-October 3, 2010, Baltimore, MD]. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/47ad...
Ibid.
Fine, P.E.M., and Chen, R.T. (1992). Confounding in Studies of Adverse Reactions to Vaccines. American Journal of Epidemiology, 136(2), 121-135. Retrieved from: http://vaccinepapers.org/wp-content/u...
Ibid. 133.
Aaby, P., Ravn, P., and Benn, C.S (2016). The WHO Review of the Possible Nonspecific Effects of Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 35(11), 1247-1257.
Retrieved from: https://journals.lww.com/pidj/Fulltex...
Mogensen, S.W., Andersen, A., Rodrigues, A., Benn, C.S., and Aaby, P. (2017). The Introduction of Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis and Oral Polio Vaccine Among Young Infants in an Urban African Community: A Natural Experiment. EBioMedicine, 17, 192-198.
Aaby, P., Benn, C., Nielsen, J., Lisse, I. M., Rodrigues, A., & Ravn, H. (2012). Testing the hypothesis that diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine has negative non-specific and sex-differential effects on child survival in high-mortality countries. BMJ open, 2(3), e000707. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000707
Mogensen, S. W., Andersen, A., Rodrigues, A., Benn, C. S., & Aaby, P. (2017). The Introduction of Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis and Oral Polio Vaccine Among Young Infants in an Urban African Community: A Natural Experiment. EBioMedicine, 17, 192-198.
Ibid.
Mooi, F.R. (n.d.). Person: Prof. Dr. F.R. (Frits) Mooi. Retrieved from: https://www.narcis.nl/person/RecordID...
Faryon, J. and Crowe, K. (2010, Dec. 14th). Immunized People Getting Whooping Cough, Experts Spar Over New Strain. Retrieved from: https://www.kpbs.org/news/2010/dec/14...
Yinghua, X., Liu, B., Grondahl-Yli-Hannuksila, K., Tan, Y., Feng, L., Kallonen, Teemu...Zhang, S. (2015). Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals the Effect of Vaccination on the Evolution of Bordetella Pertussis. Scientific Reports, 5, 12888. DOI: 10.1038/srep12888
Ibid.
Ibid.