Abstract Controlled breathing techniques, such as hyperventilation and paced breathing, induce altered states of consciousness (ASC) characterized by changes in perception, emotion, and self-awareness. This article reviews the neuroscientific basis of breath-induced ASC, emphasizing the role of the brainstem’s preBötzinger complex and its interactions with cortical networks. We present novel mathematical models to describe the dynamics of respiratory-driven neural oscillations and their impact on consciousness. These models integrate differential equations… Read More »Breath and Altered States of Consciousness: Mathematical Modeling and Neuroscience